One of the marvels of the Quran is its style.
When dealing with a subject, whether facts about the universe or the deep
mysteries of the human brain, the language is simple, clear, eloquent, and
highly focused. As a result of this highly focused way of expression, this
comprehensive revealed book of nature and complete code of conduct is so small
that if it is printed in fine English type, it will not spread over more than a
few pages.
Here is an example of this highly focused way of
expression: Prophet Mohammad (P) had been preaching the Quranic way of living
to the people of Mecca
for quite some time, and they had been vehemently opposing it. Finally one day
the Prophet (P) told them that instead of having lengthy discussions he wanted
to have a very brief word with them. The Meccans did not mind listening to a
few words. When the Prophet (P) found them willing, he told them the word is
very important and worthy of their full attention, but if it is inconvenient
for everyone to pause, then one or two people at a time can stop and listen.
When the people became psychologically attentive he told them that all he had
to say was, "Be in the habit of reflecting." (34:46)
In these few words the Quran has brought to light
many hidden facts of human life. The real significance and true import of these
thought provoking words can only be appreciated by those people (nations) who
are aware of the power and scope of human intellect and imagination. Suffice it
to say that the Quran constantly exhorts Muslims to reason, think, reflect, and
deliberate. It goes so far as to say, "the people who do not use these
faculties are not human beings. They are living their lives on the animal
level, even worse than that. These are the cursed people." (7:179)
THE IMPORTANCE OF THINKING
- Just repetition or growth and development?
When the Quran says that those who do not utilize
their mental faculties are living like animals, firstly it brings to light the
power and importance of human intellect, and secondly, it gives insight into
the history of creation and evolution. According to the Quran, as supported by
modern scientific discoveries, life (not the life of an individual or a
species) started with the creation of a single cell. This single cell, through
evolutionary processes reached the human form. In this evolutionary journey of
life there are two points worth noting:
- Any species that shuns the struggle of life at a particular stage of its evolution remains at that stage and does not evolve any further. Goats can only reproduce other goats like itself. In other words, when a species stagnates at a particular stage of evolutionary life, its life ceases to be evolutionary and it becomes cyclic.
- Every species that evolves into a higher form obtains more mental capability that it had in its previous form. When a species ceases to evolve, the growth in its power of thinking comes to a halt as well. When life evolved into human form, its mental capability was termed thought or imagination. The capability to reason and reflect is a human trait. Animals do not have this capability, this is why people who do not use their God given mental abilities are considered worse than animals—animals have not been given creative thought, they use instinct.
- Intellectual evolution
People with superficial
knowledge usually reject the validity of the theory of evolution on the grounds
that human beings did not evolve into a higher species. They ignore the fact
that evolution no longer takes place in bodies or forms. The evolution of life
into human form is the beginning of intellectual evolution and this evolution
is still taking place. Consider from an intellectual point of view that the
cave dwellers of hundreds of thousands of years ago and the moon conquering
humans of today belong to the same species. When it comes to intelligence,
today’s humans are definitely different than the cave dwellers of long ago.
The purpose of divine revelation
is to activate and polish the human intellect and increase its field of
activity. The Quran constantly appeals to reason and experiment. It says,
"These people do not ponder and reflect on the Quran. It seems as if their
minds have locked themselves up from the inside so that nothing can get into
them." (47:24). According to the Quran, those people who readily believe
in anything without first questioning or thinking over it are not Mumineen.
While describing the traits of the Mumineen Allah says, "these are the
people who do not accept without scrutiny and deliberation." (25"73)
They accept His signs on the basis of knowledge and insight. As far as the
vastness of the field of human thought and reflection is concerned, the Quran
says, "Allah brings forward the clues and hints in such a fashion thereby
enabling you to reflect on this life and the hereafter." (2:219)
By bestowing human beings with
mental abilities, Allah distinguished them from animals, and by bringing the
hereafter into the purview of thought, believes have been differentiated from
the nonbelievers. Thus Ad-Deen (Islam) means the use of thought and reflection
in both lives, in this world and in the hereafter.
As we have already seen,
according to the theory of evolution, human intelligence is ever developing and
increasing. Therefore, the level of mental abilities of the people of a
particular period in history cannot be considered the benchmark. The above
mentioned verses (47:24, 25:73, 2:219) describe Allah’s ordained way of living
(Islam). Man made religion endorses quite the opposite view. It considers the
intellectual achievements of a particular period in history as the benchmark
and rules out any further progress and development. Such attitude brings human
life down to the level of animals where the purpose of life is repetition and
maintenance of the status quo. Following the footsteps of one’s forefathers as
the purpose of life and allowing no change or development is called conformity
(taqleed). The word Taqleed is derived from the word qaladah (collar). A collar
is used to keep animals under control and to use them as desired. Pondering the
meaning of the word conformity (taqleed) shows its effect on human beings. It
discourages thought and reflection because first, it is not based upon reason
and second, century old thoughts cannot stand the test of modern times. Instead
of admitting its own fallibility and incompleteness, religion forbids the use
of reason. By this deception religion insulates itself from all the ill effects
of "disbelief" and "heresy." If someone challenges and
criticizes such an attitude, the religious establishment incites the masses to
condemn the heretics because their ancestor’s school of thought is being
threatened. Conformity devoids the masses of thought and reason. When they are
incited emotionally their fury erupts like a volcano. The worst thing in the
world that can happen is when ignorance jumps into action and takes the law
into its own hands. Religion can buy some time by using such tactics, but
permanence is not its fortune. Religious minded nations always lag further
behind nations that use their imagination. Modern nations keep progressing and
gaining strength while "Islamic" nations stagnate and become weak to
the point there they cannot defend themselves. With the passage of time they
wither away and in the words of the Quran, "Neither heaven nor earth shed
a tear over their demise." (44:29)*
- Studying and exploring the Universe
As mentioned earlier, the Quran stressed
reflection on both worlds, i.e., this world and the hereafter. This world means
the outer physical universe. Allah states that "the heavenly bodies and
earth have been brought under control for you (human beings) by Allah. There
are signs for those who think and reflect." (45:13)
The universe is controlled by the laws of nature,
which are permanent and unchangeable. These laws are made by Allah but can be
discovered by human thought. By discovering the laws of nature, hidden forces
can be brought under control and utilized for the benefit of humanity. With the
ongoing development of human knowledge, there will be more and more
opportunities for the conquest of nature.
When religion declares the intellectual
achievements of a particular time in history as the last word, human knowledge
freezes at that level and intellectual stagnation sets in. Whenever a scholar
or scientist makes a new discovery based on modern thought and knowledge he is
condemned to death by the religious establishment on the grounds of heresy.
This happens simply because these new revelations are not in line with the
thoughts of ancestors. European Christian history of 16th and 17th
century is the history of conflict between religion and science. In that era
scientists like Galileo and Copernicus were persecuted simply because they said
that the earth was round and that it revolved around the sun. Finally western
nations got tired of religious interference and emancipated themselves from its
hold. As a result, today they are capable of reaching the moon. Their priests,
even today, say the universe came into being on some specific date. Nobody pays
attention to this kind of talk outside the four walls of the church.
DIVINE VALUES OF LIFE
Developed nations do not believe in the
hereafter. In other words they do not believe in Allah’s law of requital. This
means that these nations do not believe the spiritual side of life, which
checks the excessive forces of the material side and thus maintains
equilibrium. As a result, the more these nations progress in conquering the
forces of nature, the more they turn the world into a living hell, all the
while dragging the whole of humanity into it because of the clash of their
mutual self-interests. According to Dr. Iqbal, the modern civilization is
suffering from self-inflicted wounds. It has made tremendous strides in the
fields of science and technology but cannot solve human problems.
The Quran has brought both this world and the
hereafter into the scope of human thought. Thought, pertaining to this world,
represents various branches of scientific knowledge. Western nations, free from
religious constraints, are working hard to acquire more and more scientific
knowledge. Acquiring scientific knowledge is prescribed as a duty for every
Muslim in the sixth century. From among many Quranic verses on the subject,
only one is being quoted here. It says, "Have you ever pondered the system
that brings rain (the water cycle)? What are the laws governing the production
of various crops, and flowers and fruits of different varieties and colors?
Have you ever pondered the structure of mountains? These mountains look like
unwieldy heaps of rock, but their different colors point towards an
evolutionary system. Human beings, animals and cattle are of many different
kinds and each species has its unique properties." (35:27-28) These two
verses cover quite a few different fields of scientific knowledge. After this
statement the verse continues, "The Book of nature is for everyone but
only those who bow to the awe-inspiring grandeur of its laws, who think and
reflect upon these in the light of knowledge and discernment. These are the
people who are really entitled to be called ulema." In light of the
above verses the word ulema can only be translated as scientist. When
Islam was practiced as a way of life, only a scientist was called an aalim.
When the Quranic way of life was downgraded to a
religion, research in various branches of knowledge came to a halt. Scientific
knowledge became synonymous with blasphemy and heresy. Whatever concepts about
the universe were prevalent at that time became the last word on the subject.
Thinking or saying anything against or different from those concepts was deemed
as apostasy. For example, according to religious beliefs man was made of clay.
A rib was cleaved to create woman from him. These two individuals initiated the
spread of the human race. The first man (Adam) was 60 yards tall. The sky was a
lump of glass and stars were studded in it like jewelry. The sun slept under
Allah’s throne every evening and angels brought it back up every morning. Hell
is allowed to breathe only twice a year; when it breathes out, we get summer,
when it breathes in, we get winter. The earth is flat and stationary. The
tribes of Israel
which were lost were borne in the form of mice, etc. etc. these are the saying
of the ahadith in Bukhari. If anyone refuses to believe in even one of these
sayings he or she is declared a kaafir by the religious establishment. The
other nations of the world have progressed a lot, but because of intellectual
inertia, we Muslims lag far behind and depend on these developed nations in
every walk of life. The religious establishment not only opposes the acquiring
of modern knowledge, it even does not allow one to benefit from scientific
inventions. Use of the radio is undesirable. Watching t.v. is a sinful act,
because it depicts human forms. Only the devil talks on the phone. Organ
grafting is forbidden. When the astronauts landed on the moon our religious
establishment refused to believe it on grounds that the moon’s surface is such
that no man can set foot on it. The Prophet (P) pointed his finger and broke
the moon into two halves. One half passed from under his right arm and the
other passed under his left arm. In our society people who present such
"theories" are called ulema (scientists). The difference
between an Islamic scientist and a religious scientist is vast.
PREPARATION FOR THE HEREAFTER: PROGRAM
FOR THE FUTURE
This inactivity in the field of studying and
exploring the world around us and failure to take advantage of the bounties of
nature makes our life poor, miserable, and meaningless. Lack of thought and
preparation for the life in the hereafter makes us losers in both worlds.
To prepare us for the hereafter, the Quran makes
mandatory the establishment of a social structure based upon divine values. The
characteristics of these values and principles are as follows:
- Like the laws of nature these values are not the creation of the human mind, they are made by Allah.
- These values, like the laws of nature, are permanent and unchangeable.
- Laws of nature can be discovered by human thought and experiment, but these values and principles are provided to humans by Allah through His prophets an revelations. These values in their final, complete, and unchangeable form can only be found in the Quran. Human thought and reflection with the passage of time, is testament to the truthfulness of these values and principles.
The laws of nature and the revealed values both
work in the same manner. The laws of nature, like lasting principles, are firm
and unchangeable. Human ingenuity, in the light of these laws, derives new
theories, makes new revelations, and goes on making inventions of different
kinds. Likewise, in a society that is established upon divine revelations, the
revealed values and principles provide unchangeable boundaries. The society,
within this framework draws up operational details as demanded by the needs of
the permanent values. The operational details provide the society with up to date
mechanisms to implement the revealed values, and are regularly updated in
accordance with the changing times and the development of human thought. These
values and principles are themselves are not subject to change. The operational
or administrative details, in religious terminology, are called the Code of
Religious Law (Shariat). The method through which deletion and addition,
modification and reform, continues is called the exercise of judgement or
innovation (ijtihad). This means to innovate through intellectual
exertion, i.e., the use of thought and reflection, which the Quran so avidly
supports.
CHANGE OF DIRECTION
As long as Islam retained its pristine form,
i.e., a system of life based on divine values, the system functioned in the
manner mentioned above. There was rule of human thought within the framework of
divine values. Afterwards when the Muslims lost the thread of reality, Islam
was degraded to a religion. The substance of Deen gave way to token beliefs and
lifeless rituals. The ummah was shackled by tradition. At this juncture two
things happened:
- Intellectual activities came to an end. Human thought among Muslims froze at the level of the time period when Islam was changed into a religion.
- With this change, ijtihad became undesirable. The shariat which was enacted to fulfill the needs of that particular time, was declared permanent and immutable. This religious code of law is also known as fiqh. This change of direction as a whole took place during the period of the Abbassid monarchy. The imprint of this dictatorship on the laws of the land was inevitable.
Today the Muslim nations, when it comes to
progress in the material world as well as in the world of values, stand exactly
at the same spot as they did during the Abbassid period and this status quo is
the result of self imposed intellectual paralysis. There is no curiosity, no
motivation, no thought and reflection, no research, and no pondering. Laws and
principles, customs and traditions, and the tenets of the Abbassid period have
become the standard of judgement between things Islamic and non-Islamic.
Anything different or modern is labeled non-Islamic. Living within the
framework of God-given laws, principles and guidelines is not the Islamic way
of life anymore. On the contrary, blindly following the customs and traditions
and man-made laws of the Abbassid monarchial period is thought to be the
"real Islam".
The code of law enacted during that period is
called fiqh and the system is called the fiqhi school of thought. The original
meaning of the words tafaqquh-fid-deen was the understanding of the right
program in the Quran. And this understanding meant that the entire purpose of
the Quranic message to man should be kept in view. Thus the word fiqh, taken
from that expression, which is now called Islamic jurisprudence, had an
original meaning quite distinct from what is now attached to it.
HERO WORSHIP
The fiqh was compiled by human beings. No matter
how venerable and reputable those individuals were, they were still humans.
Only Allah’s laws have the characteristic of being eternal and unchangeable
(6:116). Giving the same status to man-made laws is to equate them with the
laws of Allah, and this is tantamount to shirk. One of the fundamentals of the
Quran is that it does not assign sovereignty to any individual or group;
sovereignty rests with Allah alone. The Quran states this fact unequivocally
when it declares, "No human being, even if Allah blessed him with the code
of law, administrative powers, and the office of prophethood, has the right to
command the people to follow him and not to follow Allah. He can only tell them
to follow the Book which they can read, reflect upon and to become the party of
Allah." (3:79)
There is a practical flaw as well in making man
made laws perpetual and unchangeable. The laws enacted a thousand years ago
might have been good enough to fulfill and satisfy the needs of that time, but
in no way can those laws serve the purpose and achieve the objectives of a time
period of a thousand years. They cannot fit into changed environments. This is
common regarding human lawmaking. A law is drafted very carefully, legislators
discuss it thoroughly two or three times, amendments are made, legal experts
scrutinize it point by point, and after going through this painstaking process,
while it is being printed there arises the need for some new amendments. This
is the state of affairs of human lawmaking today. And this kind of painstaking
care in law making was not available a thousand years ago. We can get some
devotional comfort by making the laws of a bygone era permanent and
unchangeable. But we cannot get any practical help from them in dealing with
the problems and needs of the daily life of today.
In the early days, dissent with fiqh was not
objectionable. According to Dr. Iqbal’s research from the first to the fourth
century, not less than 19 schools of law and legal opinion appeared in Islam.
Some of these schools of thought, like Hanafite, Hambilite, Shafiite, etc. etc.
still exist. At a later stage the school of thought of our forefathers was
given the status of deen itself, and any innovation through thought and
reflection (ijtihad) became sinful. At that point in time each sect sanctified
its own school of thought and in order to preserve and safeguard it, any deviation
from it was made an un-Islamic act.
An interesting and very important question arises
at this point. When nobody denies the fact that all the makers of these fiqhi
laws were human beings, why do the laws made by them get such a sacred status?
They did so because the Muslim masses were at that time (and still are) being
made to believe that these laws were not the creation of these jurists but
rather were based upon the sayings of the prophet Muhammad (P). any dissent
from or objection to these laws became synonymous with the rejection of the
prophet’s sayings and traditions (ahadith), and such an act is tantamount to
blasphemy. By attributing these laws to the prophet Muhammad (P), any
discussion of them is pushed out of the domain of thought and reflection and
becomes a matter of feeling and emotion, and when this happens, the sanctity
attached to it puts it beyond any criticism, thereby creating an explosive
situation.
THE MYTH OF NON BELIEF IN THE
PROPHET’S (P) SAYINGS
(INKAAR-E-HADITH)
It was explained above how the fiqh has been
sanctified and put beyond any criticism. As a result the moment someone
questions or objects to these laws, which in reality were exacted by the
jurists, it is publicized widely that such person does not believe in the sayings
and traditions of prophet Muhammad (P). One can easily imagine to what extent
such publicity can inflame the public’s emotions. This is the technique being
practiced so successfully to keep the fiqhi laws above any criticism.
This is an extremely delicate situation. With
utmost regard for the feelings of the above-mentioned persons, I will try to
explain and bring to light the truth regarding the supposed inkaar-e-hadith and
inkaar-e-sunnah. Does this purported rejection really amount to the rejection
of hadith and sunnah, or is it the rejection of something else? Let us examine
this question carefully. I would like to mention at this point that I am only
addressing those people who prefer thought and reflection to emotions.
IMAN
(CONVICTION)
First of all it is important to express my Iman
on the subject: as far as I am concerned, anyone who doesn’t believe in the
truthfulness of the Prophet’s (P) sayings or deeds cannot be considered a
Muslim. The reason is that the words and deeds of the Prophet (P) constitute
the very model which has been designated by Allah as the "best role
model" (uswah-I-hasanai) for Muslims to follow. Rejection of this model
amounts to the rejection of the prophethood itself as well as the commands of
Allah. That is why Allah Himself has safeguarded that model (uawah) by
preserving it in the Quran itself.
Having said this, a question arises: if the
inkar-e-hadith and sunnah, which draws religious verdicts of blasphemy and
heresy, is not the real issue (since both agree that it is incumbent on Muslims
to follow the Prophet’s (P) model), then what is the point of contention? To
deal with this question we have to know the proper position of hadith and
sunnah.
Nobody can deny the facts that:
- The Prophet (P) neither compiled a collection of his sayings nor put his seal of approval on a collection gathered by someone else. The only thing left by him for the ummah was the Quran.
- The first four caliphs did not compile a collection of the sayings of the Prophet (P).
- Approximately 200 years after the death of the prophet, some individuals by their own initiative, started collecting sayings that people attributed to the Prophet (P). There are six individuals whose collections are called "sihah sitah" by the Sunni Muslims. Shia’s have their own collections. Incidentally, all the collectors of these ahadith were Iranian—none of them was Arab. Amongst these venerable individuals, I will be specifically talking about only Imam Bukhari. What I say about him is also applicable to the others.
Imam Bukhari has written that the total number of
sayings he verbally heard from people was 600,000. The people who narrated
these sayings to Imam Bukhari were not contemporaries of the Prophet, because
there was a 200 year lapse between them. None of these narrators claim that he
personally heard the Prophet say such and such thing. What narrators actually
did was hear a particular saying from one person who in turn heard it from
another person, who heard it from yet another person, and in this way the chain
is ultimately linked to the Prophet.
Suppose a witness testifies in a court of law
that he himself did not see the actual crime, but that he is just recounting
whatever he heard from another person. The court would throw out his testimony.
This is because facts (and not hearsay) constitute acceptable testimony. Then
how can the hearsay of several narrators spread over 200 years become reliable
testimony?
However, besides this long chain of narrators
(isnad) the sayings of the prophet have not been passed on verbatim. The first
narrator passed on in his own words whatever he understood from the statement
of the prophet. Every narrator in turn passed on his own summary of the account
given by the previous narrator. In this way the process was repeated several times
and the sayings of the prophet became available to Imam Bukhari.
To illustrate the effect of this oral passage,
lets create a scenario. Suppose you are in a room. You whisper something to a
friend sitting next to you. Then he whispers the same sentence as well as he
can remember to the next person. This process goes on until the last person in
the room whispers it back to you. You would be surprised how your statement can
be completely altered and twisted. This is just one example of how meanings change
in a single sitting. Just imagine what would have happened to the meaning of a
statement by the time it reached a collector of hadith 200 years later. This is
the process by which 600,000 statements of the Prophet (P) reached Imam
Bukhari. He selected approximately 6000 of those and rejected all the others.
If repetitions are not counted then we have close to 3000 ahadith. Imam
Bukhari, not being a contemporary of the prophet, obviously could not get all
these ahadith certified by the prophet. Bukhari included all those ahadith in
his collection which in his opinion were acceptable and rejected all
those which he thought were not genuine, his personal thoughts and opinions
being the standard of judgement for the acceptability of a hadith. Case in
point: there is a difference of opinion between Iman Abu Hanifah on whether
iman can increase or decrease. Because of this difference, Imam Abu Hanifah is
not reliable or trustworthy according to Bukhari. Furthermore, since Abu
Hanifah was a resident of Koofa, all the people who resided in Koofa were
unreliable as well. Iraq,
being the country in which Koofa is located, fell into the same category. Imam
Bukhari declared that if Iraqis narrate 100 ahadith, 99 of them should be
rejected outright and the remaining one should be viewed with suspicion.
Similarly, Imam Abu Zer’ah and Imam Abu Hatim questioned the credibility of
Imam Bukhari. Bukhari and Muslim are considered to be the two most authentic
collections of hadith, and yet Imam Muslim used to taunt Bukhari about his
trustworthiness.
PERSONAL THOUGHTS AND THE SELECTION OF
AHADITH
Mr. Abdus Samad Sarim wrote an article about the
biography of Imam Bukhari in the June 1981 issue of a New Delhi magazine. He writes:
- Imam Bukhari invested his wealth, which he inherited from his father, in various sleeping partnerships. He lived on the proceeds from his investments and spent all his time in collecting the ahadith.
- He used to make 500 dirhams a month by trading in slaves.
Evidently, while making selections from the ahadith
he probably selected those that declared proceeds from sleeping partnerships
and the slave trade as lawful. This is not restricted to these two
circumstances; he selected only those ahadith which were in accordance with his
personal thoughts and beliefs. The point is that Bukhari all the other
collectors included only those ahadith in their collections which in their
opinion were authentic and genuine.
THE EXAMINERS AND APRAISERS OF HADITH
REPORTERS
(ARBAB-E-JARH-O-TA’DIL)
Later on some scholars of hadith thought of
checking on the credibility and trustworthiness of the isnad (chain of
narrators). It was a good idea. But what means and resources did they have at
their disposal to ascertain the credibility of reporters who died 150 to 200
years ago? Obviously they based their opinion on whatever sketchy information
was available to them. Here again their opinion became the standard for testing
reliability. In this regard Maulana Maududi says,
"The individuals who investigated the
reliability of hadith reporters, they too were human beings with all the human
weaknesses. It is questionable that a reporter considered to be reliable by
these investigators was in fact reliable. To check the memory, credibility and
accuracy in reporting of each and every reporter is a very, very difficult
task."
(ISMA-UR-RIJAL)
Yet another aspect of hadith collecting was
scrutinized by doctors of hadith literature. They tried to verify whether the
reporter of a particular hadith and the narrator were contemporaries or not. If
they were, had they met each other? And if they had, did the reporter get a
particular hadith from the same narrator or some someone else? Maududi
expresses his opinion as follows:
"Such investigative work cannot be
considered to be totally accurate. It is reliable in the sense that it can be
helpful in researching the traditions of the Holy Prophet (P) and the lifestyle
of his companions. But it would be wrong to put our total trust in it."
The doctors of hadith classified them into
various categories based upon their own opinion of the trustworthiness of the
reporter. One category is called sahih (accurate), another dhaif
(weak), and another is hussan. The six sunni collections of hadith are
called sahih, although Bukhari is considered to be the most sahih.
The term sahih gives an impression that these
ahadith are most accurate and authentic. But this is not the fact. These
ahadith are called sahih because the hadith scholars used the term. Nobody can
say with certainty that these are the sayings of our Prophet (P). That is why
the words au kama qala rasoolullah are
added at the end of every single hadith, and this means, "the Prophet said
this or something similar to this".
POSITION OF HADITH
In light of these explanations it becomes clear
that the way these ahadith were collected, scrutinized, and compiled, not even
a single hadith can be definitely and positively considered to be the saying of
the Prophet. At the most it can be said that this is a statement attributed to
the Prophet.
In the words of Maulana Maududi, "the fact
is, any hadith which is attributed to the Prophet can be questioned for
accuracy and reliability. You (the hadith devotees) are bound to accept every
saying of the prophet which is duly certified by the reporters. But this is not
the criterion for us. A certificate in no way is the litmus test for the
authenticity if a hadith."
In another place he says,
"The sayings of the prophet and the sayings
we find in the books of ahadith are not necessarily one and the same. The
ahadith, because of the authority of the reporters cannot be equal in status to
the verses of the Quran. The Quranic verses, beyond any doubt, are Allah’s
revelations. On the contrary, in the case of the sayings, the attribution of
any word or deed to the prophet is always in doubt."
Incidentally, Maulana Maududi and I have similar
views. It is ironic that nobody labels Maududi as munkar-I-hadith, but my views
are denounced and publicized wide and far. It is surprising that even Maududi
himself and his jamat-e-islami are part and parcel of this groundless
propaganda.
ANOTHER, BUT OPPOSITE VIEW
The correct position of hadith has been explained
above. But there are people with different opinions:
"After due investigation and verification
the place and status of hadith is exactly the same as that of the whole Quran
itself. As a matter of fact the rejection of hadith has the same effect on Iman
and faith as the rejection of the Quran…Refusal to believe in such ahadith,
which meet the verification standards and are deemed to be genuine by the
scholars of sunnah, is tantamount to profanity and synonymous with expulsion
from the ummah. The ummah is in agreement on the accuracy of Imam Bukhari’s and
Muslim’s collections. The accuracy of these ahadith is absolute."
(Jamat-e-islami)
If any person who refuses to believe in even a
single hadith from these two collections, he/she becomes a non-believer and
loses membership in the Muslim ummah. For example, one of the hadith we are
required to believe is from Bukhari, "When the angel of death came to
seize the soul of Moses (P), Moses slapped the angel so hard that he went back
to Allah." If you refuse to believe in the accuracy of this particular
hadith, then according to the above-mentioned rule, you are no longer in the
fold of Islam.
THE REAL MEANING OF INKAR-E-HADITH
When an individual refuses to acknowledge the
authenticity of a hadith what is he actually refusing? As I have mentioned
earlier, Imam Bukhari collected about 600,000 ahadith and approved only 3000
for his book, which in his opinion were accurate and reliable. When a person
says that a certain hadith is unacceptable to him, then he is only refusing one
thing: he is refusing to accept Imam Bukhari’s opinion or verdict regarding
that hadith. He is not refusing to accept the truthfulness of the
prophet, nor is he rejecting hadith and sunnah as such. All he is doing is
having a difference of opinion with Imam Bukhari on some particular hadith. And
a valid ground for rejecting anything whether it be a hadith or practice or
tradition or custom is if it is against the Quran, which is undeniably the only
book which contains Allah’s word. He is not prepared to accept Imam Bukhari’s
verdict as the end all and be all because if the hadith is against the
teachings of the Quran, the Prophet (P) could never have said or done it in the
first place. Therefore, inkar-e-hadith is not the refusal to believe in the
words of the Prophet (P), but rather it is the refusal to blindly accept Imam
Bukhari’s opinions and verdicts. Therefore, how can someone become a
non-believer just because he does not agree with Bukhari? Last time I checked
this was not a requirement of iman. Allah never made us duty-bound to blindly
accept the verdicts rendered by the hadith reporters and collectors. Allah
never stipulated that you can only be a Muslim if you believe in the accuracy
and soundness of Imam Bukhari’s opinion. Such an attitude is hero worship with
a heavy dose of emotionalism. To have Iman in the infallibility of any human
being is neither demanded in the Quran nor is a requirement of common sense.
However, the ummah is consuming itself in exactly this emotionalism. The moment
someone differs in opinion with Imam Bukhari he/she is labeled an apostate, and
this commotion is being created and sustained by the religious establishment to
the detriment of the Muslim nation.
CONTRADICTIONS IN FIQH
It has been explained earlier how the fiqhi laws
were enacted and codified. These laws are said to be based upon hadith. When
the hadith were declared everlasting the fiqhi laws got the same status
automatically and turned into a very rigid code, creating lasting divisions in
the ummah.
One of the proofs that the Quran is the word of
Allah is that there are no contradictions in it (4:82). This is not the case
for ahadith. Mutually contradictory ahadith can be found in any single
collection of hadith. When there are many differences and contradictions in the
ahadith themselves, then what of the fiqhi laws which are based on hadith?
These contradictions are responsible for the existence of so many mutually
quarrelling sects within the ummah. Ahadith provide the basis for the
conflicting laws. Allama Mohammad Aslam Jairajpuri gives an example:
"The contradictions in the traditions were
not limited to different geological regions, there used to be contradictory
traditions in the same locality. A case in point is the statement of Abdul
Waris bin Saeed. He said, upon his arrival in Mecca, that he found some distinguished Iraqi
jurists in town to perform Hajj. I met Imam Abu Hanifah, Ibn-e-Abi-Laila, and
Ibn-e-Shbermah. I asked them all the same question: in a sale, is it
permissible for the seller to impose any conditions? The first reply was that
both the sale and imposition of any conditions is forbidden. The second jurist
replied that the sale is permissible but imposing conditions is not. The final
jurist said that both are permissible. I was surprised that these three jurists
came from the same place yet held such different opinions. I went back to the
jurists and told them about the difference. They each quoted a hadith in
support of their own view.
The differences and contradictions in the
traditions are not totally responsible for this divisiveness in the ummah,
religious individualism has to be blamed as well. If central authority (the
government) had kept religious lawmaking under its own jurisdiction, the entire
ummah would have had a single fiqha and been saved from sectarian divisions
brought about by personal fiqhas. The same should have been done regarding the
ahadith, and because of this centralism the ahadith would not have been in such
a state of affairs as well. As long as the Quranic State
existed, neither were ahadith collected or compiled nor were various personal
fiqhas made and enforced. All of the disintegration was the result of the
absence of central authority."
Anyway we were trying to point out that the
divergent nature of the fiqhi laws is due to the contradictions in the ahadith
on which these laws were based. Putting aside the religious debate among
various sects in the past, let us have a look at the verdicts handed down by
the Pakistani Federal Religious
Court. In these verdicts, all the discussion and
arguments and counterarguments revolve around the position of hadith, the
contradictions in ahadith, and variance of ahadith from the Quran. The outcome
of these deliberations is that the government appointed religious courts hand
down their verdict and the same government that appointed these courts lodges
an appeal against that verdict. The judgement of the Federal Religious Court is based on fiqh
and ahadith and the grounds of appeal against the same judgement are based on
fiqh and ahadith as well.
THOUGHTS OF DR. IQBAL
A thinking mind paused and reflected upon this
pressing problem and came up with a solution according to his own Quranic
insight. Dr. Iqbal, in his sixth lecture of the book Reconstruction of
Religious Thought in Islam, discussed the problem in detail and presented
the solution to this problem. The most important issue was lawmaking. In this
connection he presented his arguments in these words,
"Turning now to the groundwork of legal
principles in the Quran, it is perfectly clear that far from leaving no scope
for human thought and legislative activity the breadth of these principles
virtually acts as an awakener of human thought…The teaching of the Quran that
life is a process of progressive creation necessitates that each generation,
guided but unhampered by the world of its predecessors, should be permitted to
solve its own problems."
Incidentally Dr. Iqbal delivered these lectures
in 1928 when his thoughts had matured. Recently I came across an article
written by him when he was still (let us say) a student. This article was
published in October 1904 of the magazine Makhzan. This illustrates how a
thinking mind even in very early stages moves in the right direction. He says,
"The immense changes in life have brought
about such conditions where the opinions of the past (ancient) jurists badly
needs a revision. It is not my intent to suggest that because of some inherent
weaknesses the religious principles can no longer fulfill the needs of the
present civilization. My point is the past jurists from time to time made rules
based on the broad principles of the Quran and hadith. Those rules were suitable
and practicable in those particular periods of time, but are unable to satisfy
the needs and demands of the present time. Just like, at present, there is a
need of modern language and terminology to explain the religious principles,
similarly there is a need for a jurist of high caliber for the latest
interpretation of Islamic law. On the strength of his intellectual capabilities
and power of his imagination, this great jurist should be able to rewrite and
compile the Islamic law based on religious fundamentals in a modern fashion;
with the sheer strength of his imagination, interpret the principles on such
broad bases so as to satisfy the demands of modern times."
THE CONCEPT OF PAKISTAN
For rewriting the fiqh, Dr. Iqbal presented the
concept of Pakistan
in such a concise but precise manner that these few words serve as a guide for
the intelligentsia. He said, with the creation of Pakistan, "Islam would rid
itself of the foreign influences brought by the Arab imperialism." He
beautifully explained Islam’s past history and future in just a few words. A
newly created Islamic state (Pakistan) will have to enact its own laws and thus
Islamic law will be rewritten to fulfill the needs of the modern time while
simultaneously ridding itself of the laws made under unIslamic influences. Dr.
Iqbal did not live long after presenting this idea. He died before the creation
of Pakistan.
Shortly after the creation of Pakistan, the elements who opposed
the very concept it came to the forefront by intrigue and changed the course of
events. The ugly imprint of Arab imperialism which was to be shed from the
shining surface of Islam was now being made part of the body itself with the
help of the theocracy. Traditions and fiqh principles and decrees which were
slowly coming to an end with the passage of time are now being granted a new
lease on life. No one knows how long these new shackles, which are being put on
the Quran and human intellect, will keep crippling the nation. There is no
doubt that such a state of affairs cannot last forever, but time is the
critical factor. To what extent Islam will be twisted during this period is
beyond imagination.
At the moment the only thing we
can say is that whenever the Quran and human thought will be free of these
shackles, the first task worth completing for the ummah will be to critically
examine the traditions, Prophet’s biography, history and Quranic exegesis, and
fiqh in the light of Quranic teachings. All the material which is in accordance
with the Quran should be accepted, and that which is against the teachings of
the Quran should be discarded. Then within the framework of the Quranic laws,
principles, and guidelines, the ummah should by mutual consultation,
reconstruct the shariah according to the needs and demands of modern time. Only
at such a time will the state truly be called an Islamic state and its laws the
laws of shariah. Such a task can only be performed by a great revolutionary
who, in the words of Dr. Iqbal, approaches the problem in the spirit of Omar
(R), "the first critical and independent mind in Islam who, at the last
moments of the Prophet (P), had the moral courage to utter these remarkable
words, ‘The Book of God is sufficient for us.’"
